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The Chicago Federation of Labor (CFL) is an umbrella organization for unions in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It is a subordinate body of the AFL-CIO, and as of 2011 has about 320 affiliated member unions representing half a million union members in Cook County. The labor body is also involved in political lobbying, often in alliance with other allied organizations (e.g.,. Interfaith Worker Justice), is active in Chicago politics, and participates in many of Chicago's civic committees (composed of business and city leaders). ==Early years== The CFL was formed by the American Federation of Labor (AFL) on November 9, 1896. In part, the federation was an outgrowth of previous umbrella labor bodies in the city, many of which had fragmented during the previous two decades. But, in part, the formation of the CFL was an attempt to end corruption in Chicago's labor unions. Only over time did the CFL change its focus to strengthening the efforts of individual union locals by creating a unified voice for the city's labor movement, uphold the labor rights of its union members, and mediate contract disputes on behalf of local unions. Unfortunately, the CFL was dominated in its early years by Martin "Skinney" Madden, a notoriously corrupt labor leader who had managed to get himself elected President, Vice President and Treasurer for life in his Steamfitters' local in Chicago.〔Segal, ''The Rise of the United Association: National Unionism in the Pipe Trades, 1884–1924,'' 1969; Foner, ''History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 3: The Policies and Practices of the American Federation of Labor, 1900–1909,'' 1964.〕〔Newton-Matza, "The Crack of the Whip: The Chicago Federation of Labor Battles Against the Labor Injunction in the 1920s," ''Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society,'' Spring 2000.〕〔"Former Labor Czar of Chicago Succumbs at Lake Villa, Ill., to Long Sickness," ''Chicago Daily News,'' July 22, 1912.〕〔Cohen, ''The Racketeer's Progress: Chicago and the Struggle for the Modern American Economy, 1900–1940,'' 2004.〕 The early years of the CFL saw corrupt and reform elements battle for control. The CFL's constitution required an election for the presidency every six months, which encouraged instability, and a new president was elected roughly every year in the organization's first decade. Elections were also rife with fraud and violence. In January 1903, Madden arranged to have the names of all the reform candidates placed low on the ballot, many names were misspelled to deny the candidate election, and some names omitted altogether. Unions on both sides padded their membership lists in order to have more delegates to the convention. At least seven major brawls broke out on the convention floor, and one man was injured so badly he had to be rushed to the hospital. Only police intervention brought order.〔"Fraud Charge By Labor," ''Chicago Daily Tribune,'' January 18, 1903.〕〔"Slug At Labor Election," ''Chicago Daily Tribune,'' January 19, 1903.〕 The July 1904 election saw such widespread violence (including fistfights in front of the ballot boxes). Three brawlers had to be carried home.〔〔"'Slug' At Labor Election," ''Chicago Daily Tribune,'' July 18, 1904.〕 Reform elements began to get the upper hand in 1905. Charles Dold was elected in January of that year despite ballot irregularities, accusations of bribery, and ballot box stuffing. When Dold appeared to have enough support to win re-election on July 16, 1905, Madden's supporters attempted to prevent his victory by smashing ballot boxes and destroying ballots. Madden's thugs severely beat Michael Donnelly, a Dold supporter and international president of the Amalgamated Butcher Workmen, on the floor of the convention in full view of hundreds of delegates.〔The beating contributed to Donnelly's alcoholism and triggered increasingly severe mental disorders. Donnelly disappeared in 1916, and presumably died a short time later. He was never heard from again, despite a nationwide search by the union he once led. See: Fink, ''Biographical Dictionary of American Labor,'' 1984.〕 Madden disrupted the election so much that a new election was held on August 6. Again, Madden used violence and fraud to force cancellation of the election. Dold finally won re-election on August 13. Madden's forces boycotted the August 13 election and claimed the results were invalid. He pressured the CFL into invalidating the election on August 20, but public outcry and an investigation by the AFL led the CFL to reverse itself on September 3.〔〔〔Gompers, ''The Samuel Gompers Papers, Vol. 6: The American Federation of Labor and the Rise of Progressivism, 1902-6,'' 1997.〕 John Fitzpatrick was elected CFL president on January 21, 1906. Despite repeated attempts to deny reform delegates seats at subsequent conventions and install his own puppet as CFL president, Dold and Fitzpatrick branded Madden a dual unionist for being under the control of organized crime. They campaigned actively against him and his most powerful supporter throughout the fall and winter. More than 150 policemen were on guard in the convention hall on January 21 to ensure that there was no repeat of the violence of 1905. Fitzpatrick easily outpolled his opponent, two to one.〔"Seeks to Control Labor," ''Chicago Daily Tribune,'' October 12, 1905; "Plan to Oust 'Skinny'," ''Chicago Daily Tribune,'' October 26, 1905; "Votes Will Test Madden's Power," ''Chicago Daily Tribune,'' January 21, 1906.〕〔"Labor Routs Madden 'Gang'," ''Chicago Daily Tribune,'' January 22, 1906.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chicago Federation of Labor」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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